Extra: Japanese history

794 -1185	Heian period	The capital moved to Heian (modern Kyoto) in 794
898 -1185	Later Heian period
1185 - 1336	Kamakura period	Named after the first military government which was established at Kamakura, located approximately 30 miles south-west of Edo (modern Tokyo)
1336 - 1573	Muromachi period	The political centre returned to Kyoto
1573 - 1615	Azuchi - Momoyama period	Momoyama was where the great general Hideyoshiset up a magnificent palace
1615 - 1868	Edo period	Edo period - the Tokugawa family of shoguns ran a strictly feudalistic military government based in Edo (modern Tokyo)
1868 - 1912	Meji period	The authority of the emperor was restored under the Meji family; feudal government was abolished
Post - 1912	Modern period	From 1912 Japan continued its transformation into a modern, industrialised, democratic country

Bibliography Cont.

http://education.asianart.org/explore-resources/background-information/edo-period-1615-1868-culture-and-lifestyle
© 2012 Asian Art Museum

http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2128.html
Copyright © 1996-2013 japan-guide.com All rights reserved - Last Page Update: November 18, 2002

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period

Beasley, William G. (1972), The Meiji Restoration, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-0815-0

Birmingham Museum of Art (2010), Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection, Birmingham, Alabama: Birmingham Museum of Art, ISBN 978-1-904832-77-5

Diamond, Jared (2005), Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-303655-6

Flath, David (2000), The Japanese Economy, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-877504-0

Frédéric, Louis (2002), Japan Encyclopedia, Harvard University Press Reference Library, Belknap, ISBN 9780674017535

Gordon, Andrew (2008), A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to Present (Second ed.), New York: Oxford University press, ISBN 978-0-19-533922-2

Hall, J.W.; McClain, J.L. (1991), The Cambridge History of Japan, The Cambridge History of Japan (v. 4), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521223553

Jansen, Marius B. (1986), Japan in transition, from Tokugawa to Meiji, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-05459-2

Jansen, Marius B. (2002), The Making of Modern Japan (Paperback ed.), Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00991-6

Lewis, James Bryant (2003), Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7007-1301-8

Longstreet, Stephen; Longstreet, Ethel (1989), Yoshiwara: the pleasure quarters of old Tokyo, Yenbooks, Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing, ISBN 0-8048-1599-2

Roberts, Luke S. (2012), Performing the Great Peace: Political Space and Open Secrets in Tokugawa Japan, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0824835131

Seigle, Cecilia Segawa (1993), Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan, Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-8248-1488-6

http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/the-edo-period-in-japanese-history/

http://www.resilience.org/stories/2005-04-05/japans-sustainable-society-edo-period-1603-1867
From the Japan for Sustainability website.

Lifestyles

An urban culture developed that stressed an appreciation of nature and artistic cultivation. The banks of the Sumida River, with its great bridges, provided places for outdoor activities: daily strolls, spring cherry-blossom viewing, relief from the summer heat, fireworks on summer nights, viewing the moon in autumn and snow in winter

Following the lead of Chinese culture, women and men of all classes engaged in the traditional arts of music, painting, calligraphy, and games of skill. With their rapid accumulation of wealth, Edo townspeople also became patrons of art, creating a previously unprecedented artistic pluralism. For the first time, the aristocracy no longer dictated artistic trends and production, despite attempts by the shogunate to curtail artistic consumption among its subjects. The artistic trends in Edo reflected a growth in popular culture and a demand for art with mass appeal.

The shogunate built an extensive network of waterways and five major highways that connected the three major cities of Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka with smaller towns and ports, which facilitated increased travel among all classes. Besides business, pilgrimage was the most common reason for travel. Commoners made pilgrimages to sites of religious importance, such as famous Buddhist temples, ancient Shinto shrines, famous places such as Mount Fuji, etc. People often traveled under the pretense of religious pilgrimage, desiring to leave their routine life for awhile.

Publishers produced various types of guides and gazetteers that catered to the public’s fascination with travel and pilgrimage. Unlike earlier travel books, which were more like works of literature, Edo period travel books were practical guides for the masses that included not only lodging information and advice on road conditions, but also historical tidbits about a place and its references in poetry. They were usually illustrated with black-and-white woodblock prints.

Pictures part 2

 

Daimyos Armor





Kimono (female)



Kimono (male)
 

Pictures

Map of Edo

 

 

Bakufu-han System

 

 

 

 

Politics Cont.

The feudal hierarchy was completed by the various classes of daimyo. Closest to the Tokugawa house were the shinpan, or "related houses." They were twenty-three daimyo on the borders of Tokugawa lands, daimyo all directly related to Ieyasu. The shinpan held mostly honorary titles and advisory posts in the bakufu. The second class of the hierarchy were the fudai, or "house daimyo," rewarded with lands close to the Tokugawa holdings for their faithful service. By the eighteenth century, 145 fudai controlled such smaller han, the greatest assessed at 250,000 koku. Members of the fudai class staffed most of the major bakufu offices. Ninety-seven han formed the third group, the tozama (outside vassals), former opponents or new allies. The tozama were located mostly on the peripheries of the archipelago and collectively controlled nearly 10 million koku of productive land. Because the tozama were least trusted of the daimyo, they were the most cautiously managed and generously treated, although they were excluded from central government positions.

The Tokugawa not only consolidated their control over a reunified Japan, they also had unprecedented power over the emperor, the court, all daimyo, and the religious orders. The emperor was held up as the ultimate source of political sanction for the shogun, who ostensibly was the vassal of the imperial family. The Tokugawa helped the imperial family recapture its old glory by rebuilding its palaces and granting it new lands. To ensure a close tie between the imperial clan and the Tokugawa family, Ieyasu's granddaughter was made an imperial consort in 1619.

Timeline

See power point.

Bibliography

http://www.grips.ac.jp/teacher/oono/hp/lecture_J/lec02.htm

<References>

Dore, Ronald P., Education in Tokugawa Japan, University of Michigan Center, 1984.
Iwanami Shoten, Keizai Shakai no Seiritsu: 17-18 seiki, Nihon Keizaishi 1 (Establishment of Economic Society: 17th-18th Centuries, Japanese Economic History vol. 1), A. Hayami & M. Miyamoto, eds, 1988.
Iwanami Shoten, Kindai Seicho no Taido, Nihon Keizaishi 2 (Signs of Modern Development, Japanese Economic History vol. 2), H. Shimbo & O. Saito, eds, 1989.
Nishikawa, Shunsaku, and Masatoshi Amano, "Shohan no Sangyo to Keizai Seisaku" (Industries and Economic Policies of Hans) in Iwanami Shoten, 1989.
Oishi, Shinzaburo, Edo Jidai (The Edo Period), Chuko Shinsho no.476, 1977.
Okazaki, Tetsuji, Edo no Sijokeizai: Rekishiseidobunseki kara Mita Kabunakama (The Market Economy of Edo: Trade Cartels from the Viewpoint of Historical Institutional Analysis), Kodansha Sensho Metier 155, 1999.
Saito, Osamu, Proto Kogyoka no Jidai (The Age of Proto-Industrialization), Nihon Hyoronsha, 1985.
Tanaka, Keiichi, Hyakusho no Edo Jidai (The Edo Period Led by Farmers), Chikuma Shinsho, 2000.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/598326/Tokugawa-period

©2013 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-7070.html
Data as of January 1994

 https://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=ii


http://www.samurai-archives.com/edo.html
Berry, Mary Elizabeth. The Culture of Civil War in Kyôto Berkely, CA.: University of California Press, 1994
Berry, Mary Elizabeth. Hideyoshi Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982 [Very useful; Mary E. Berry is one of the best authors on medieval Japan] Bottemly, I. & A. P. Hopson Arms and Armor of the Samurai Crescent 1991 Bryant, Anthony Sekigahara 1600 Osprey Military 1995 [An interesting description of the Sekigahara Campaign graced with excellant maps] Cooper, Michael They Came To Japan University of California 1981 Elison, George Deus Destroyed Harvard 1991 [A fascinating work by one of the top names in the field] Ellison, George and Bardwell L. Smith, eds. Warlords, Artists, and Commoners Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1982 Hall, John Whitney. Government and Local Power in Japan, 500 - 1700 New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1966 Hall, John Whitney. Japan from Prehistory to Modern Times New York: Delacorte Press, 1970 Hall, John Whitney and Toyoda Takeshi. Japan in the Muromachi Age Berkely: University of California Press, 1977 Hall, John Whitney, Nagahara Keiji and Kozo Yamamura, eds. Japan Before Tokugawa Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1981 [A highly valuable book - a must-have for the serious student] Hall, John W. and Marius B. Jansen (ed.) Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan Princeton 1968 Hane, Mikiso. Japan, a Historical Survey New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972 Hane, Mikiso. Modern Japan, a Historical Survey Colorado: Westview Press, 1992 Latourette, Kenneth Scott. The History of Japan New York: MacMillan Co., 1968 Leonard, Jonathan Norton. Early Japan New Jersey: Time-Life Books, 1974 of The Great Ages of Man Lu, David John. Sources of Japanese History USA: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1974 [A priceless reference for the english-speaking student] McCullough, Helen C. The Tale of the Heike Stanford 1988 Mass, Jeffery P. (ed.) Court and Bakufu in Japan Stanford 1995 Mass, Jeffery P. and William B. Hauser (ed.) The Bakufu in Japanese History Stanford 1985 [Another 'must-have' for the serious student] Mosher, Gouverneur Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide Tuttle 1964 Nish, Ian. A Short History of Japan New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1968 Parker, Geoffrey. The Millitary Revolution, 2nd Ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University 1996 [An excellent book on military history in general, focusing on European military history in particular, but with references to Oda Nobunaga and Hideyoshi as well] Perry, Commodore M. C. Narrative of the Expedition to the China Seas and Japan Dover Publications, 2000 [A recent reprint of the original 1856 text - fascinating] Reischauer, Edwin O. The Japanese Today USA: Harvard University Press, 1988 Reischauer, Edwin O. Japan, The Story of a Nation, 4th Ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1990 Reps, Paul. Zen Flesh, Zen Bones Rutland, Vermont: Doubleday, 1989 [Excellent Zen stories, with some interesting historical samurai references] Sadler, A. L. The Maker of Modern Japan Tuttle 1989 [A classic that continues to stand the test of time] Sansom, George. A History of Japan to 1334 California: Stanford University Press, 1999 [The better of Sansom's works] Sansom, George. A History of Japan, 1334 - 1615 California: Stanford University Press, 1996 [An entertaining read, if dated and at times inaccurate] Sato, Hiroaki. Legends of the Samurai Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press, 1995 Shiba, Ryotaro The Last Shogun: The Life of Tokugawa Yoshinobu Kodansha 1998 [A great read definatly worth checking out] Totman, Conrad. Tokugawa Ieyasu, SHÔGUN Union City, California: Heian International Inc., 1990 Tsunoda, Ryusaku, Wm. Theodore De Bary, Donald Keene. Sources of Japanese Tradition New York: Columbia University Press, 1965 Turnbull, Stephen. The Samurai - A Military History Japan Library, 1996 Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai Warfare Arms and Armour Press, 1996 Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai Warlords Blandford, 1992 Turnbull, Stephen Samurai Warriors Blandford 1987 Tyler, Royall (ed.) Japanese Noh Dramas Penguin 1992  Varley, H. Paul. The Ônin War New York: Columbia University Press, 1967 [THE source in English for info on the Ônin War - unfortunately it is no longer in print, but is available from a few online booksellers - if you are willing to pay the price] Yamamoto Tsunetomo The Hagakure Kodansha 1983 Yoshikawa, Eiji. Taikô USA: Kodansha International, Ltd., 1992

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Japanese Sources

Abebayashi, Ichirô Sengokushi Shinbun Tokyo, Japan: Nihon Bugeisha, Inc., 1996  Bessatsu Rekishi Tokuhon #3, Nihonshi Jinbutsu Fushigi Jiten Japan: Shin Jinbutsu Ôrai Co., 1999  Bessatsu Rekishi Tokuhon #85, Sengoku no Kassen Japan: Shin Jinbutsu Ôrai Co., 1998 [An extensive examination of 59 battles of the Sengoku era, with maps and a full-color section of battle scrolls and panels of Sekigahara, Nagashino, and others.]  Bessatsu Rekishi Tokuhon #91, Jôezu o Yomu Japan: Shin Jinbutsu Ôrai Co., 1998 [Full color and black & white reproductions of contemporary maps of over 50 famous japanese castles, paired with present day photos of the same locations taken by airplane.]


Kuwata, Tadachika Sengoku Bushô Kurôbanashi Japan: Chiteki Ikikata Bunko, 1991 Kuwata, Tadachika Sengoku no Bushô Sanjûnin Tokyo, Japan: Koizumi Seihon, Inc., 1996 Rekishi Gunzô Shirizu #1, Oda Nobunaga Japan: Gakken, 1996 Rekishi Gunzô Shirizu #5, Takeda Shingen Japan: Gakken, 1999 Rekishi Gunzô Shirizu #6, FuuRinKaZan Japan: Gakken, 1999 Rekishi Gunzô Shirizu #8, Uesugi Kenshin Japan: Gakken, 1999 Rekishi Gunzô Shirizu #49, Môri Senki Japan: Gakken, 1997 [A comprehensive examination of the Môri clan focusing on the 16th century, but including lots of information on the history of the clan as well, to its beginings in the 14th century. Also has sections detailing the Ôuchi and Amako clans. Included with this is a fold-out map of western Japan detailing the battles of Môri Motonari, with a 19th century map of Kôriyama castle on the back.] Rekishi Gunzô Shirizu #50, Sengoku no Kassen Taizen (Part I) Japan: Gakken, 1997 Rekishi Gunzô Shirizu #51, Sengoku no Kassen Taizen (Part II) Japan: Gakken, 1997 Shimaoka, Akira Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokyo, Japan: Narumidô, Inc., 1995 Owada, Tetsuo Nihon no Rekishi, Kassen Omoshiro Hanashi Japan: Chiteki Ikikata Bunko, 1997
 

Politics

   The Tokugawa political system was one of the most complex feudal in world at that time. It's similar to the Europe feudal system. Instead of having kings, queens, or solder. They have Shogun daimyo and samurai. But it's not a feudal system, it's more like a high degree of independence. Because all the daimyo, bakufu and shogunate have some powers across from Japan. (like today we have president and officials)  The political system was call bakuhan(幕藩）. A combination of the terms bakufu ("tent" or military, i,e, centralized monarchical government) and han (domains) to describe the government and society of the period.Baku comes from bakufu which was the government the Tokugawa leaders used to administer their private affairs inside their own fief.

Here are some definations:

Edo	The old name for Tokyo. Edo literally means the mouth of bay. Incidentally, Tokyo means eastern capital (the western, or the traditional, capital is Kyoto).
Daimyo	Regional samurai ruler. During the Edo period, it meant the head samurai of a local government (han).
Shogun	Originally, the supreme commander of dispatched army. But it usually means the head of a central military government.
Bakufu	Residence of a military ruler. Later it meant the central military government itself.
Han	A local government (like province or prefecture) in the Edo period.

 

Introduction

Edo period(1603-1867), is also called Tokugawa period, the 265-year period between 1603and 1867 (when Tokugawa Yoshinobu formally returned political authority to the emperor), Edo is the former name for what is now Tokyo.It started by Tokugawa Ieyasu, he unified the country after the decisive Battle of Sekigahara (located between Nagoya and Kyoto, visible from Shinkansen) in 1600 and the attacks on Osaka Castle in 1615 where the rival Toyotomi family perished. Ieyasu established a new government in Edo and became the first shogun of the Edo Bakufu in 1603.
During most of the Edo Period, Japan was closed off to the world, suffered no invasion from the outside, and had virtually no exchange with other countries. For the most part, it was a peaceful period, with almost no war inside the country, and marked a remarkable time of development in the economy and culture of Japan.
The first national census, conducted around 1720, indicates a population of approximately 30 million people, which remained relatively constant throughout the entire two and a half centuries of the Edo Period.
The population of Edo, at the time the largest city in the world, has been estimated at 1 million to 1.25 million people. In comparison, London had about 860,000 people (1801) and Paris about 670,000 (1802).